Abstract Background Kidney transplantation (KT) is the treatment option for patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) to prolong survival and improve quality of life. Although the use of potent immunosuppressive agents increases graft survival in kidney transplantation recipients (KTRs). it may lead to the development of malignancy. including transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). https://www.duospiritalis.com/